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在中国古代文献和甲骨文中，的确有关于奴隶的记载，如甲骨文中，就有多种奴隶的称呼，但他们似乎为数不多，且多为家内奴隶，没有在农业生产中占据主导地位。那么，商代的主要劳动者是什么人呢？同样基于甲骨文的记载，学者们发现，当时主要从事农业生产劳动的是被称为“众”的人们。这些“众”是商王的族人，他们有自己的家庭，他们聚族而居，聚族而葬。他们平时务农，战时从军，是商王朝重要的基础。甲骨文记载商王武丁的妻子妇好曾经率众五千人去攻打敌人。关于这些众的地位，一些学者认为，他们在一定程度上具有人身自由，有自己的家庭，因此，他们并不是奴隶。因此，就产生了中国古代是否真正存在过奴隶社会的疑问。 我认为，在中国的夏商周时期，确实不存在像古罗马那样的以奴隶作为主要劳动者的情况，中国古代夏商周的社会确实不是像古罗马那样的奴隶社会. 夏商周时期的众是被统治阶级，是主要的劳动者。他们受商王的剥削和压迫，与商代贵族之间的矛盾属于阶级矛盾. In Chinese ancient literature and inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells, do have about slaves records, such as Oracle, there are a variety of slave name, but they appear to be few, and for the house slaves, did not occupy the dominant position in agricultural production. Then, the main labor is what person? Based on the same Oracle records, researchers found, was mainly engaged in agricultural production is being called "the people". The "public" is the king of the Shang people, they have their own family, their clan, clan and the burial. They are usually farmers, wartime army, Shang Dynasty is the important foundation. Oracle bone inscription records of Shang King Wu Ding Fu Hao once led the five thousand wife to attack the enemy. Of these the position, some scholars think, they have the freedom to a certain extent, have their own family, therefore, they are not slaves. Therefore, produced in ancient China is really existed in slave society question. I think in China, the Xia Shang Zhou period, does not exist like ancient Rome like to slaves as main labor situation, Chinese ancient Xia Shangzhou society does not like ancient Rome as a slave society. The Xia Shang Zhou period and by the ruling class, is the main labor. They were exploited and oppressed by the Shang kings, and the contradiction between the aristocratic belonging to the class contradictions. The characteristics of Chinese ancient slavery: land by the state the emperor is all, greatly small slave only land use rights, not ownership. This is about is because the state is extremely strong, firmly in control of the.
按照马克思主义的观点，人类社会从整体上看，是从原始社会开始，经过了奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会和社会主义社会，最后进入共产主义社会。社会经济形态的更迭，可以理解为一个自然历史过程。按照这一观点，在古代中国，继漫长的原始社会之后，就进入了奴隶社会。夏商周时期，就应当是奴隶社会。
在上个世纪70年代之前，学术界一直把安阳殷墟商代王陵区发现的大量为举行祭祀而杀死的尸骨和商代贵族墓葬中殉葬的人骨作为商代是奴隶社会的证据。上个世纪70年代末，有些学者通过对商代甲骨文的分析发现，当时商王用作祭祀的往往是对外征伐的战争中掳来的俘虏，他们被押解到殷墟后，往往直接被用作祭祀的牺牲，似乎找不到他们被用于农业生产或手工业生产的证据。于是，这些学者提出，战俘不等于是奴隶。奴隶应当是被用于生产活动，创造了价值的人，而战俘被直接用于祭祀的牺牲，不应当看作是奴隶
在中国古代文献和甲骨文中，的确有关于奴隶的记载，如甲骨文中，就有多种奴隶的称呼，但他们似乎为数不多，且多为家内奴隶，没有在农业生产中占据主导地位。那么，商代的主要劳动者是什么人呢？同样基于甲骨文的记载，学者们发现，当时主要从事农业生产劳动的是被称为“众”的人们。这些“众”是商王的族人，他们有自己的家庭，他们聚族而居，聚族而葬。他们平时务农，战时从军，是商王朝重要的基础。甲骨文记载商王武丁的妻子妇好曾经率众五千人去攻打敌人。关于这些众的地位，一些学者认为，他们在一定程度上具有人身自由，有自己的家庭，因此，他们并不是奴隶。因此，就产生了中国古代是否真正存在过奴隶社会的疑问。
我认为，在中国的夏商周时期，确实不存在像古罗马那样的以奴隶作为主要劳动者的情况，中国古代夏商周的社会确实不是像古罗马那样的奴隶社会. 夏商周时期的众是被统治阶级，是主要的劳动者。他们受商王的剥削和压迫，与商代贵族之间的矛盾属于阶级矛盾.
中国古代奴隶制的特点是: 土地由国家即帝王所有，大大小小的奴隶主只有土地使用权，没有所有权。这大约是是因为国家政权极其强大，牢牢控制的结果。
古希腊和古罗马奴隶制的特点是在土地私有制的基础上，以家庭为基本经营单位，商品化程度较高。其之所以如此，也是因为缺乏高度集中统一的奴隶主国家政权，故而导致土地私有制到处盛行。这里需要注意的是，当时“家庭”这一概念和我们现在的“家庭”不大相同。当时一个奴隶主家庭，除了奴隶主本人，及其妻子儿女外，还包括属于他的大量奴隶，
实际上，马克思晚年的时候注意到了以中国为代表的社会发展道路，将其称为“亚细亚生产方式”，是区别于古罗马奴隶制的另一种社会形态，其最大的特点是被压迫被奴役的对象不是来自族外的奴隶，而是本族的下层成员。以前存在困惑的原因就在于，将古代罗马的奴隶社会作为奴隶社会的唯一模式，忽视了古代社会发展道路的多样性。实际上，从世界范围来看，像古代中国这样的不同于古罗马的奴隶社会的情况，非但不是例外，反倒是多数古代国家所经历过的情形。
According to Marx's view, the human society as a whole, is starting from the primitive society, slave society, feudal society after, capitalist society and socialist society, and finally into the Communist society. The social and economic transformation, can be understood as a process of natural history. According to this view, in ancient China, after the long primitive society, entered the slave society. Xia Shang Zhou period, should be a slave society.
Before the 70's of last century, the academic community has been to find the Yin Ruins in Anyang Shang Dynasty Tombs area a lot of sacrifices and human bone. Kill the bones and the Shang Dynasty tombs of Shang Dynasty is the slave society as evidence. The last century 70's, some scholars through the analysis of the oracle bone inscriptions found, when the Shang king used as a sacrifice is often captured booty foreign conquest of the war, they were taken to the Yin Ruins, often is used as a ritual sacrifice, can't seem to find their use in agricultural and handicraft production evidence. So, these scholars, the prisoner is not equal to the slave. Slaves should be used in the production activities, create value, and prisoners of war were directly used in ritual sacrifice, should not be regarded as slaves
In Chinese ancient literature and inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells, do have about slaves records, such as Oracle, there are a variety of slave name, but they appear to be few, and for the house slaves, did not occupy the dominant position in agricultural production. Then, the main labor is what person? Based on the same Oracle records, researchers found, was mainly engaged in agricultural production is being called "the people". The "public" is the king of the Shang people, they have their own family, their clan, clan and the burial. They are usually farmers, wartime army, Shang Dynasty is the important foundation. Oracle bone inscription records of Shang King Wu Ding Fu Hao once led the five thousand wife to attack the enemy. Of these the position, some scholars think, they have the freedom to a certain extent, have their own family, therefore, they are not slaves. Therefore, produced in ancient China is really existed in slave society question.
I think in China, the Xia Shang Zhou period, does not exist like ancient Rome like to slaves as main labor situation, Chinese ancient Xia Shangzhou society does not like ancient Rome as a slave society. The Xia Shang Zhou period and by the ruling class, is the main labor. They were exploited and oppressed by the Shang kings, and the contradiction between the aristocratic belonging to the class contradictions.
The characteristics of Chinese ancient slavery: land by the state the emperor is all, greatly small slave only land use rights, not ownership. This is about is because the state is extremely strong, firmly in control of the.
Characteristics of ancient Greece and ancient Rome slavery is on the basis of private ownership of land, take the family as the basic management unit, a higher degree of commercialization. It is so, is because of the lack of highly centralized slave state power, and therefore the cause of private land ownership prevails. It should be noted that, at that time, "the family" this concept and we are now the "family" is not the same. When a slave family, in addition to the slave I, and his wife and children, including his own large number of slaves,
In fact, when Marx later noted with China as the representative of the social development road, known as the "Asiatic mode of production", is another form of society is different from ancient Rome slavery, its biggest characteristic is oppressed and enslaved object is not from outside the family slaves, but the family of the lower members. The reason lies in the previous problems, will be the only mode of the slave society of ancient Rome slave society, ignoring the diversity development of ancient society. In fact, from the view of the world, such as the ancient Chinese is different from ancient Rome slave society, rather than the exception, but is the most ancient countries have experienced the situation.
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