Chapter One; Introduction

1.1 Orientation

There are a few particles, but their function is of great importance. Phrasal verbsare mainly made up of a verb and a particle and can be classified into three kinds:1. There is a verb and a preposition in phrasal verbs such as “finish up" and“give up" and so on; the structure of phrasal verbs is equivalent to transitive verbs thatcan be directly followed by an object.2. There are a verb and an adverb in phrasal verbs such as “fall down” and "putup", some of the structure of phrasal verbs are equivalent to transitive verbs, some areintransitive verbs such as “fall down” is an intransitive verb that can not be directlyfollowed by an object; however, “put up" as a transitive verb can be directly followedby an object.3. There are a verb and an adverb and a preposition in phrasal verbs such as "fallback on” and “take away from" whose structure is equivalent to a transitive verb thatcan be directly followed by an object.Phrasal verbs are still called words of the particle structure, a particle in phrasalverbs can be regarded as a preposition or an adverb and a preposition can be usedbefore a noun or a pronoun，which represent; location and time and method and so onsuch as "in" and “on，’ and "at". An adverb adds the information of location and timeand environment and method and reason and level and so on; adverbs are generallyused to illustrate the nature of actions and the characteristics of states.

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1.2 Rationale of the Research

Nowadays, many scholars almost study the meanings of particles and phrasalverbs from the perspective of the theories of prototype category and conceptualintegration; there are not any studies from the perspective of image schema theory.Linguists focus on the linguistic level in the traditional metaphorical studies, but theresearch that explains how metaphor works and why it can work like this is few, theextension-intension inheritance enriches this research. Sinee Lakoff put forward the.cognitive metaphor theory，the study of English phrasal verbs has turned to thesemantic and the combination of the semantic and syntactic research. Most scholarsrefer to a phrasal verb as the research's object and explore the effect of a verb and aparticle on phrasal verb's meaning, but the articles about the degree of the influence Gi phrasal verbs are rare.

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Chapter two: Literature Review

2.1 Traditional Approaches to Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a short two-word (or something three-word) phrase made up of averb such as “get” and “give” and “make，，and “pull,, and “see，，，and an adverb (anadverbial particle) or a preposition such as “in，，and “off’ and “on，，and “out” and"up" based on Chambers English Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (1998). The earlieststudy of phrasal verbs dates back to 1919, the representative work is van Dongen'sarticle He Puts On His Hat And He Puts His Hat On Appeared (1919: 322-353). Hebegins to deal with what is available on the surface of the sentence structure andoperate mainly with the placement of the particle with respect to the verb.The traditional approach to study phrasal verbs is mainly from structuralism, itmainly pays close attention to the syntactic features and the main representative isQuirk and others' study. The main concepts of Quirk are included in the bookComprehensive Grammar of the English Language; he defines phrasal verbs asmulti-word verbs that consist of phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs andphrasal-prepositional verbs, but these combinations are considered as multi-wordverbs only where they behave as a single unit(1989: 1150).

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2.2 Cognitive Approaches to Phrasal Verbs

The cognitive approaches begin with the study of Linder who is enlightened byLangacker's Space Grammar. The cognitive researches not only study literalmeanings of the particles but also the metaphorical meanings. All the semantic studies of phrasal verbs must consider the special contributionof its prepositions or particles to the overall meanings. Cognitive linguistics has a lotof research achievements such as Talmy and Langacker and Lakoff make a deep studyof the prepositions or particles and admit that every preposition or particle has manyindependent meanings and literal meanings which are extended from the basic meanings through the metaphorical means.The representatives of cognitive approaches to phrasal verbs are Under andMorgan and Hamper and Gries and so on. Among them Linder is the first people tostudy English phrasal verbs, she studies many phrasal verbs in her doctoraldissertation A Lexico-Semantic Analysis of Verb-Particle Constructions with Up andDown, She proves that all the meanings of particles are related to each other withinthe same image schema whatever the basic meanings or the metaphorical meanings.

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Chapter Three: Theoretical Framework....... 17

3.1 Theory of Image schema....... 17

3.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory....... 20

3.3 The Theory of Extension-Intension Inheritance .......26

3.3.1 The Definition of Extension-Intension Inheritance....... 26

3.3.2 The Content of Extension-Intension Inheritance....... 28

3.4 The Analytical Framework of This Study .......28

Chapter Four: Cognitive Semantic Analysis of Particles Up and Down....... 31

4.1 Spatial Meanings of Up and Down .......    31

4.2 Spatial Metaphorical Meanings of Up and Down....... 34

4.3 Operational Mechanism of Spatial Metaphors of Up and Down....... 41

4.4 The Characteristics of Up-Down as an Affix .......47

4.5 Summary  ....... 49

Chapter Five: Cognitive Semantic Analysis of Phrasal Verbs with Up and Down....... 51

5.1 Date Collection....... 51

5.2 Cognitive Analysis of Phrasal Verbs with Up and Down....... 51

5.3 Effects of Up and Down on the Semantic .......65

Chapter Five: Cognitive SemanticAnalysis of Phrasal Verbs with Up andDown

5.1 Date Collection

The corpus of this paper is mainly from the dictionary that records thedevelopment of words and their meanings and examples and usage notes and coversthe basic meanings and extended meanings and provides a tool to understand wordsdeeply and completely. The dictionary is the authoritative explanations of phrasalverbs. This data comes from these five dictionary Chambers English Dictionary ofPhrasal Verbs, Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary, Cambridge Advanced EnglishPhrasal Verbs in Use, Longman Pocket English-Chinese Phrasal Verbs Dictionaryand Collins Cobuild Phrasal Verbs Dictionary. Although the data can not cover allexamples, it is representative.. Wang Yin (2007: 221) holds that a semantic prototypical effect is from thedifferences between the ideal cognitive models and the real world. If the meaning canbe fixed by the ideal cognitive models, it is the literal meaning or basic meaning ofwords; if the meaning is determined by the metaphorical model or metonymy model,it is the extended meaning or metaphorical meaning of words.

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Conclusion

The final purpose of studying language is to find out the truth of language that isa tool to communicate or delivery emotion to others. Cognitive linguistic is a branchof cognitive science belonging to the philosophy of mind, the study of language fromthe angle of philosophy of mind pays attention to people's mind and mentalexpressions. The number of particles is less, but they play an important role on themeanings of phrasal verbs with them and the various meanings of phrasal verbs are akey point of the English study. This paper analysis the effects of the particles onphrasal verbs based on image schema, there are some findings as follows:Firstly, this paper reviews the study of phrasal verbs. There are traditionalapproaches, Quirk is the main representative of structuralism and classifies phrasalverbs into four groups. Bolinger and Side make a deep study of the particles in phrasalverbs, but their study does not involve the cognitive experience of human being. Thecognitive approach representatives are Linder，Morgan, Gries and Hamper, their studyis prominently based on the theories of prototype category, image schema andcognitive metaphor theory. There are many achievements at home such as Lan Chun;she studies spatial metaphors of the particles “up” and “down” in English and Chinese.The theoretical framework is mainly based on the theory of image schema, conceptualmetaphor and extension-intension inheritance.

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